What you need to know to get a loan from any bank

1. Necessary and sufficient condition for a positive decision

So, you need money, and the road has brought you to the bank. You name your achievements: expensive car, apartment, dacha. The bank employees smile sweetly, but you get rejected. Nobody explains the reasons, but they are. More precisely, this is always one reason, let's try to figure it out.

The bank is created to make a profit. Other organizations are involved in charity work.

The bank is interested in issuing loans, since this is its main income (we do not consider foreign exchange activities in this article). The bank has few of its own assets, it attracts borrowed funds and itself is a large borrower: depositors, the Central Bank, other banks are its creditors.

The bank operates mainly with highly liquid assets - money. When issuing a loan, the bank is obliged to make a profit, which is formed from the interest rates on the loan.

Bank risks:

situations when the borrower turns out to be in bad faith or is declared bankrupt;
mass closing of deposits and deposits.

Thus, the bank "trades" money, and there is no other sense in its activities. The bank "sells" money to you in installments and wants (is obliged) to receive money for its "product". Any loan is secured by the borrower's money in the form of his income. The essence of a loan is not to receive money that you do not have, but to receive money that you do not have now, but it is in the future. Moreover, this future in the eyes of the bank should be rosy, fully predicted and documented, no one will believe in the projects.

The reason for the negative decision in your case is trivial: you have no money of your own in the future. Your presented assets in the form of real estate and other wealth are not liquid for the bank. Cash flow is the only argument in favor of making a positive decision to issue a loan. The rest of your assets will only affect, and then indirectly, the loyalty of the bank.

Evgeny Sivtsov Director for Regional Development, Refinance.rf.

The bank's decision is also influenced by the person's credit history - this is a stop factor for the bank. If the client has a good salary, but the credit history is damaged, the bank will refuse this client. Banks pay attention to the client's debt to bailiffs, the presence of microloans from the client.

A prerequisite for obtaining a loan - proven stable income. The fact of having income is a guarantee of obtaining a loan. The amount of income is important, but it will already affect the parameters of the loan: the maximum amount, term and rate.

The income for individuals is the salary at the place of work. Determined by a certificate in the form 2-NDFL. There is no point in faking, since information about the tax from individuals is in open sources (on the website nalog.ru), especially since the bank's security service has access not only to open sources. The bank will refuse to officially employed a citizen.

There is an option with confirmation of income through the presentation of a tax return in the form of 3-NDFL, which an individual must (Articles 227, 228 and 229 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) submit independently if there are additional sources of income. But how many of you have something to show in terms of confirmation of the declaration?

Sufficient condition for obtaining a loan - income must be in previous periods. In this case, another key factor is added here - this is proof of the stability of your income. If you are trying to get a loan for the first time, you should work long enough (usually from three months for a small amount) in your current job.

If you are an experienced borrower, a bank filter called "credit history" is included. This is a tool for internal use: you will not find data in the public domain, it is purely a banking prerogative. The point is simple: if you have successfully “survived” several loans without gross violations, especially without overdue debt at the moment, then you will not notice the effect of this tool. Otherwise, you will be refused. A bad credit history is evidence of the poor quality of your income, their unreliability in the past.

Of course, the bank will also learn about your relationship with various codes (Civil Code, Criminal Code). If you are interested in bailiffs, this automatically makes you persona non grata for the bank.

2. Is it possible to get a loan cheap

So, if you need money now and want it, and most importantly, you can give it back in the future, then you can proceed to reviewing the parameters of the loan that you will be given.

Banks constantly come up with new loan products: they vary rates, change conditions, “simplify” procedures, “return” interest, “refinance” something - in other words, they are engaged in marketing. The essence remains the same: you are being sold money for money.

The main postulate is that there are no cheap loans.

With a low rate, it is always very difficult to comply with all the rules for obtaining it and, most importantly, fulfillment of loan obligations. The "fine print" there is especially small and cunning. For example, here is a typical footnote in a contract when calculating a rate:

“The rate of 11.5% begins to operate on the condition of timely / proper payment of monthly payments during the first 4 months (with a loan term of 12-18 months); the first 8 months (with a loan term of 19–36 months) …"

Everything seems to be clear, the rate is 11.5% per annum. But we look a little higher: "Rate: 24, 9–38, 9% per annum (with a loan term of 12–18 months), 22, 9–37, 9% per annum (with a loan term of 19–36 months) …" is changing. You take out a loan at a rate (average for simplicity) of 31%, and if you do not delay payments within 4 months, you will receive a rate of 11.5% for the remaining term and the rest of the loan body.

Of course, this is also very good: the rate has dropped three times. Since it is hard to believe in miracles, and it is hard to believe in the altruism of bankers at all, the question "Why did the bank decide to meet me halfway?" there is an answer: “At the time of the conclusion of the consumer credit (loan) agreement, the total cost of the loan cannot exceed the calculated one.

(LOAN) by the Bank of Russia the average market value by more than one third”(Federal Law“On Consumer Credit (Loan)”N 353-FZ). Bankers comply with the requirements of the law, not missing their profits to the maximum, because for 4 months you pay at the maximum rate.

All that remains is to continue to fulfill our obligations on time and in an appropriate manner. How's that? What is meant by the term “proper”? We read the agreement carefully, correlate it with Article 309 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and execute it properly. Any violation leads to non-fulfillment, and, as a result, the rate remains extremely high, the loan is expensive.

Getting a low interest rate on a loan is a creative process. Nobody will provide you with clear algorithms, only statistics are at your disposal. Here, indirect signs of your income just begin to play a role: real estate (the more and newer, the better), the car (the more expensive and newer, the better), the regularity of trips abroad (going abroad in the last six months will be beneficial), family (if you are married and have children, the chances increase, but not linearly: if you have more than two minor children, this will have the opposite effect), appearance (expensive clothes, accessories - everything will go to you as a plus).

Often, holders of salary project cards serviced by a bank have privileges when receiving a loan from it.

Unfortunately, all received bonuses are offset by additional conditions of the bank, for example, an insistent request to insure life and health. The amount of the insurance premium can be up to 20% of the amount of the loan itself. Formally, the bank does not have the right to impose this service, but it can fully change the terms of lending, depending on whether the client has insurance. Total: rate 11.5% + insurance 20% = the same 31%.

Evgeny Sivtsov Director for Regional Development, Refinance.rf.

Banks also make money on commission income, and the bank gets a good income from the sale of insurance. If the client does not have insurance, then the rate for him is increased by several points. And usually this insurance is not refundable, even if the client has closed the loan ahead of schedule.

In addition to basic insurance, banks also offer so-called boxed products. They are usually inexpensive, and the client leaves not only with a signed contract, but also with several "boxes".

Holders of salary cards of the bank in which they take out a loan need to keep in mind the fact that they actually transfer the management of their credit directly to the bank. At first glance, the situation is very attractive for both parties: they know each other, trust is established, the scheme for obtaining a loan is clearly simplified, and the likelihood of issuance is very high.

But there is one caveat: the bank has the ability to perform procedures for the repayment of current and other debts without your direct participation. He will definitely use this right.

This gun will shoot you in the leg only when a black streak comes in life. A situation may arise when you need to make a choice between solving some life difficulty and the need to fulfill obligations to the bank on time.

When money is urgently needed here and now, solving the problem will be a priority over an easily correctable "sin" - a once overdue payment. But the bank simply will not allow you to do this: it will collect its own on time under the agreement, upon the availability of funds on your card. You run the risk of being left penniless when it may not be the right time.

The conclusion from the above suggests itself a little discouraging: it will not work to take out a loan cheaply. In one way or another, the bankers will get their rate of return.

3. Which bank to take out a loan

In any case, if it falls within the definition of Article 1 of the Federal Law "On Banks and Banking Activities".

A bank is a credit institution that, on the basis of a license from the Bank of Russia, has the exclusive right to carry out the following banking operations in aggregate: attracting funds from individuals and legal entities in deposits; placement of these funds on their own behalf and at their own expense on the terms of repayment, payment, urgency; opening and maintaining bank accounts of individuals and legal entities.

Article 1 of the Federal Law "On Banks and Banking Activities"

It is better to use the geographical criterion for choosing a particular bank. The office where it is easier and faster for you to get there is the best one. It will be convenient for you to resolve all issues with your personal presence, since only this form of interaction with the bank minimizes errors in banking services.

It is always necessary to deal with the issues of the non-credited amount in person, having exchanged the relevant papers confirming the solution of the issue. Communication by phone and e-mail is good only for advertising and imposing "super conditions" on you. The evidentiary base in disputable situations must always be in printed form, have a date, a signature of a specific contractor and a blue seal.

In these matters, you need to adhere to conservative views. If suddenly the case comes to trial, it will be very difficult to prove without paper documents that you have fulfilled all the requirements for closing the loan. Confirmatory SMS, screenshots, recordings of phone calls to call centers - how many people save this information? But when in a year it turns out that you have a decent debt to the bank on a "closed" loan, and you will be informed about this when crossing the customs control zone at the airport, when you are going on vacation, it will be very unpleasant.

Evgeny Sivtsov Director for Regional Development, Refinance.rf.

Now there are many credit brokers on the market who offer to get a bank loan for a commission. But their help is deceptive: they will take money from the client, but they will not be able to influence the bank's decision if the client is risky. The benefit of contacting a broker is that he will send orders not to one bank, but to several at once. This will save the client time.

Some credit brokers will not even take a commission for their services (their interest will be formally satisfied by the bank on the terms of partnership, but in fact, of course, you will pay). You must understand that the broker's task is not to take a loan for you, but to bring you to a lending institution. Entering the door, you are left with the bank one by one. In essence, a broker is a trivial advertising agent.

The real benefit of a good broker is in its aggregation capabilities (a solid database of loan products) and an insider component (because the loan manager in a bank is also a person).

P. S. Once on the radio, in one of the programs about financial literacy, the idea was voiced about the dubious expediency of taking out a loan in general. The meaning was as follows: a loan can be taken only for the purchase of means of production or assets, the growth of the value of which exceeds the current interest rate on the loan.