Table of contents:
2024 Author: Malcolm Clapton | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 03:44
Important information about the principle of action and effectiveness of the most famous drugs for COVID-19.
"Sputnik V" ("Gam-COVID-Vak")
Who is the developer
NITsEM them. N. F. Gamalei, Russia.
What kind of vaccine
Vector adenovirus.
How it works
Vector vaccines are produced on the basis of carrier viruses (also called Understanding Viral Vector COVID-19 Vaccines / CDC vectors). Scientists “clean out” pathogenic components from the original virus, harmless to humans, and in their place they install a recognizable part of another virus - the one against which the vaccine is directed.
In Sputnik V, the vector is How adenovirus vector vaccines work / Sputnik V adenovirus. In its normal state, this pathogen can cause at most a mild cold. But since he was cut off from the opportunity for reproduction, he is only able to deliver a piece of coronavirus into the cells of the body. In particular, the gene encoding the S ‑ protein of the coronavirus “spike”. Having received the gene, the cells reproduce "thorns". The immune system detects the appearance of an unfamiliar element and begins to produce antibodies to destroy it.
When one day a real active coronavirus enters the body, the immune system instantly recognizes it by the already familiar "thorns". And he will try to quickly destroy the invader.
How to administer the vaccine
Twice at intervals of 21 days.
What is the efficiency
91.6%. This information was voiced by Denis Y. Logunov, Inna V. Dolzhikova, Dmitry V. Shcheblyakov, Amir I. Tukhvatulin, Olga V. Zubkova, Alina S. Dzharullaeva, et al. Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector ‑ based heterologous prime ‑ boost COVID ‑ 19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomized controlled phase 3 trial in Russia / The Lancet in the international journal The Lancet. This is how the risk of getting sick decreases already 21 days after the first dose of the drug.
What else you need to know about the vaccine
Sputnik V is the most studied of the Russian vaccines. Its effectiveness and safety is confirmed by the statistical Statement for healthcare professionals: How COVID-19 vaccines are regulated for safety and effectiveness / WHO by data and publications in authoritative publications.
EpiVacCorona
Who is the developer
State Research Center "Vector", Russia.
What kind of vaccine
Synthetic peptide.
How it works
Such vaccines are composed by Weidang Li, Medha D. Joshi, Smita Singhania, Kyle H. Ramsey, and Ashlesh K. Murthy. Peptide Vaccine: Progress and Challenges / Vaccines from artificially synthesized pieces (fragments) of a viral protein - they are called peptides. EpiVacCoron uses parts of the S-protein of the coronavirus as peptides. They are placed on a carrier protein and fixed with excipients. Details on the composition of the vaccine can be found on the website of Rospotrebnadzor. Vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19 / Rospotrebnadzor, which is subordinate to the research center "Vector".
Thanks to peptides, the immune system knows what the virus looks like. And when infected, it will actively respond to it.
How to administer the vaccine
Twice with an interval of 2-3 weeks.
What is the efficiency
94%. But this is the data of the developers. Today there are no publications in international journals in which the stated figures would be confirmed.
What else you need to know about the vaccine
Some Russian experts doubt that EpiVacCorona is working. For example, a virologist, an employee of the Institute. Gamalei Anatoly Altstein called on Anatoly Altstein: “The use of EpiVacCorona should be stopped before checking” / Novye Izvestia to stop vaccination with this drug. The reason is that many of the volunteers who participated in the EpiVacCorona tests did not find antibodies in their blood. Manufacturers explain it this way: only special ELISA tests “SARS ‑ CoV ‑ 2 ‑ IgG ‑ Vector” can detect immunoglobulins after vaccination.
KoviVak
Who is the developer
Research Center for Research and Development of Immunobiological Preparations named after Chumakov, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia.
What kind of vaccine
Inactivated.
How it works
Unlike other Russian vaccines, KoviVac contains not pieces, but a whole coronavirus. Only he is “killed” (inactivated) - that is, he is deprived of the opportunity to multiply and infect cells. However, the immune system still recognizes it as a pathogen and thus trains itself to repel the attack.
How to administer the vaccine
Two doses 2 weeks apart.
What is the efficiency
90%. This reduces the risk of getting sick 21 days after the second dose of the drug. This was announced in the Chumakov Center, assessed the effectiveness of their vaccine against COVID at 90% / Interfax, the head of the Chumakov Center, Aydar Ishmukhametov. However, there is still no evidence of effectiveness, which would have been published in international scientific journals.
What else you need to know about the vaccine
Clinical trials of "KoviVac" are still going on. Their third phase started only in mid-June. The Clinical Trials Registry [RCT] / State Register of Medicines is expected to be completed by the end of 2022.
Pfizer / BioNTech
Who is the developer
Pfizer, Inc. (USA) and BioNTech (Germany).
What kind of vaccine
Based on mRNA technology.
How it works
mRNA vaccines do not inject either part of the viruses or pathogens into the cells of the body. They only deliver Understanding mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines / CDC so-called messenger RNA (mRNA, or messenger RNA, mRNA Various types of vaccines against COVID-19 / WHO).
This matrix contains information about the composition of the S-protein of the coronavirus. Once inside the cell, mRNA makes it produce this very protein. The body fixes an unfamiliar structure and learns to produce antibodies to the "spikes" of the coronavirus. When a real infection occurs, the immune system will be ready to fend off the attack.
How to administer the vaccine
Two doses 21 days apart.
What is the efficiency
92% or more Sara E. Oliver, Julia W. Gargano, Mona Marin, Megan Wallace, et al. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices’Interim Recommendation for Use of Pfizer ‑ BioNTech COVID ‑ 19 Vaccine - United States, December 2020 / CDC.
What else you need to know about the vaccine
According to Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations / Our World In Data, the international statistical resource Open World in Data, it is the most popular vaccine in Europe and the United States. Thus, the efficacy and safety of Pfizer / BioNTech has been studied in the largest number of people.
The drug is not yet available in Russia.
Moderna
Who is the developer
ModernaTX, Inc. (USA).
What kind of vaccine
Based on mRNA technology.
How it works
The technology behind Moderna is similar to Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine Overview and Safety / CDC Pfizer / BioNTech. The vaccine delivers the spike matrix of the coronavirus to the body and forces the cells to produce proteins in a pattern that is specified. The immune system learns to respond to these unfamiliar elements and make antibodies.
How to administer the vaccine
Twice with an interval of 28 days.
What is the efficiency
Above Everything you need to know about COVID-19 vaccines / The official journal of the Royal Pharmaceutical society 90%.
What else you need to know about the vaccine
Like Pfizer / BioNTech, Moderna is not available in the RF.
Oxford / AstraZeneca
Who is the developer
University of Oxford (UK), AstraZeneca (Sweden).
What kind of vaccine
Vector adenovirus.
How it works
The principle of operation is the same as that of Sputnik V. Except for one nuance. The vector, that is, the carrier virus, in AstraZeneca is not a human adenovirus, but a chimpanzee. Is it true? Does the Oxford / AstraZeneca vaccine contain animal DNA? / Australian Government. Department of Health. The developers justify this choice by the assumption that primate adenovirus stimulates a stronger immune response.
How to administer the vaccine
Two doses spaced The Oxford / AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine: what you need to know / WHO 8-12 weeks.
What is the efficiency
82.4%. It should be recalled here that effectiveness is how much the likelihood of symptoms after infection is reduced. If we talk about the risks of hospitalization and death due to COVID-19, then AstraZeneca works Everything you need to know about COVID-19 vaccines / The official journal of the Royal Pharmaceutical society at 100%.
What else you need to know about the vaccine
In the spring of 2021, AstraZeneca had an unpleasant side effect: the vaccine sometimes leads Statement for healthcare professionals: How COVID-19 vaccines are regulated for safety and effectiveness / WHO to a deadly complication - thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome This is the name of an unusual blood coagulation syndrome that combines blood clots and low platelet count. … Such cases are extremely rare: 10-15 per million doses. Therefore, in general, AstraZeneca is recognized as a safe option. However, the UK's Joint Committee on Vaccines and Immunizations recommended that People under 40 years should be offered an alternative to Oxford / AstraZeneca vaccine, says the advisory body / The official journal of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society, for people under 40 to be vaccinated with an alternative drug.
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